Cattle farming should be carried out in places that are not suitable for agriculture; it should not be built on flat lands with difficult drainage. The farm should be located on high ground to prevent flooding, to keep the animals cool in hot weather and to prevent the feed from getting wet. Animals should be protected from extreme heat and cold, dirty and high humidity, mud, sun and wind. Dairy farms should have a 60-70 cm feeding area per cattle. Even in small barns, there should be at least two drinkers in each compartment. The gutter-shaped drinkers should have a flow rate of 20 liters of water per minute with a length of 1 m for 15 head of cows. Dirty, muddy or wet bedding floors cause digestive and respiratory diseases in calves and mastitis in heifers. In order to be productive, cattle need a soft, dry and comfortable floor and a well ventilated environment (no wind). Infection between calves is usually airborne. Good ventilation is important for the removal of infections. Good ventilation also prevents the increase in humidity and prevents bacteria from surviving. If fattening cattle are kept on wet and cold floors, it prevents sperm quality and quantity disorders due to colds. It also prevents udder inflammation and udder structure disorders in dairy cows. For this reason, it has been observed that milk yield increases in dairy cows protected from cold and bacteria when using animal bedding. You can get information from our Santaş sales representative for your rubber animal bedding needs, which are of high importance in cattle breeding. In addition to the increase in body temperature by stressing the cows, if the respiratory rate of seven out of 10 animals exceeds 80 per minute, there are symptoms of decreased feed consumption, increased salivation, decreased milk yield and more standing. If the daily average temperature exceeds 24 °C, it signals the start of milk yield. It was observed that each head gave 2 kg more milk with the use of cooling systems in conditions where 25-26°C was felt. Dairy cows that were exposed to heat in the summer months and under heat stress showed a 25% decrease in yield. As a result of this situation, shortening of estrus periods, decrease in pregnancy rates and early embryo deaths are observed. Temperatures between +5 and +21 C are suitable for dairy cows and +10 – +15 C is suitable for milking cows. If sufficient feed is given, there is no significant decrease in the productivity of dairy cattle even in -25 C cold conditions, their health does not deteriorate, but after +25 C, especially when it exceeds + 34 C, it disrupts the entire balance of the animals. Water sprinklers; animals should be watered while eating feed, in the waiting places before milking, so that the cow’s back is completely wet. It is important that the water flowing from the animal to the ground during wetting does not wet the litter, stall floors and feed. Primitive methods such as spraying water on the cow’s back with a hose rather than spraying with a spray effect will increase the ambient humidity and will disrupt the comfort of the animals. In bovine and ovine animals, 70% of the digestive system takes place in the rumen.
In other words, when feed is given to cattle, the microorganisms in the anterior stomach, the rumen, are fed in the first place and these microorganisms feed the cows. Grazing should be done in the spring and fall months, but animals should not be taken out to pasture in the early morning hours even in these periods. Grazing should also be avoided in winter. Cellulose-rich roughage is a useful source of nutrients that should be used in all cattle and ovine animals due to the regulation of microorganisms in the rumen and the amount of acid, ruminating and increasing salivation.
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The following factors affect water consumption in cattle. Feed amount and content, weather conditions, ambient conditions (humidity, climate, ground) Milk yield and lactation periods The amount of water consumption in cows is 4-6 times the average dry matter content they eat. The water requirement of a dairy cow weighing 600 kg with a daily milk intake of 25-30 liters can reach 100 liters. Calves need extra energy to maintain body heat balance when the ambient temperature falls below 10°C and extra water when it rises above 26°C. Decreases in meat and milk yields are common in conditions where water needs are not adequately met. For this reason, animals should have clean, warm and fresh water in a sufficient number of water troughs (long enough for at least 10% of the animals to drink at any time) that are constantly and easily accessible. Water troughs should be at the right height for the animals. Watering in the morning and evening is not sufficient for fattening, high-yielding dairy cattle, calves and pregnant women, especially in hot weather. If it is not possible to offer water to animals at all times, at least 3 meals should be offered. The color of urine and the time of emptying are indicators of thirst. You can consult Santaş sales representative for detailed information and contact for water storage methods suitable for your needs from 100 liters to 100 tons Santaş water tanks for cattle farms. Energy sources Long-fiber carbohydrates stimulate ruminating and regulate passage through the digestive tract, while non-fiber carbohydrates are easily soluble, such as starch and sugar. They can be used to meet energy requirements or as a source of essential fatty acids. The starch level should be between 24 and 27% of the ration on a total dry matter basis. Starch digestible rate in dairy cows is between 70-100%. It would be more accurate to adjust the starch rate in the ration by determining starch in feces. Crude protein: It consists of proteins that are broken down in the rumen and proteins that are not broken down and nitrogenous compounds that are not in protein structure. Rumen microorganisms contain nitrogen but use it in the synthesis of cell protein or nitrogenous compounds by converting non-protein compounds into ammonia. In addition to the amount of crude protein, protein fractions should be considered when organizing dairy cow diets. The amount of amino acid requirement of dairy cows increases depending on the amount of milk production. Minerals: It is divided into two as macro and micro minerals below and above 50 mg per kg of animal body weight. Macro minerals are sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, chlorine, sulfur and magnesium and micro minerals are iron, fluorine, iodine, selenium, chromium, manganese, copper, zinc and boron. Vitamins In cattle, vitamins that the body cannot produce should be supplemented from outside. These are vitamins A, D, E, K, C and B complex.
