The scientific separation of broad beans is as follows. Plantae, Class Magnoliopsida, Order Fabales, Family Fabaceae, Genus Vicia, Species Vicia faba. Its homeland is known to be the continents of Europe and Asia. Broad bean, which is grown and consumed abundantly in our country, is an annual herbaceous plant that can grow 60-100 cm in length. Another feature of faba bean, which is a member of the legume group, is that it is a rotation plant like other members of the legume group. The root structure of broad bean is a taproot. There are plenty of side roots around the roots. There are also plenty of knot-like structures on the roots. These knot-like structures contain nitrogen bacteria and bind air nitrogen and convert it into a form that the plant can use. The stem of the broad bean is four-cornered and hollow. It has a durable structure. The leaf of the broad bean plant is a compound leaf. The flowers of broad beans are panicle-shaped and have short stalks. Soil stage Broad beans are produced in two different ways: winter and summer. In winter sowing, the field is plowed after the stubble and prepared for sowing. In summer sowing, the soil is deeply plowed after the stubble. In the spring, it is plowed again before sowing the seed and finally prepared for sowing. Since broad beans are planted deeply, the soil should be plowed and cleaned of weeds. In regions with favorable winters, sowing can be done in October and November until spring. This type of production is called summer production. Seed sowing is done in 3 ways. It is called sprinkle sowing, hearth sowing and row sowing. Spread sowing is not preferred much due to the fact that too much seed is sown per unit area and maintenance work is difficult. In the hearth method of sowing, the seeds thrown into the hearths opened at certain intervals are covered. In row sowing, the distance between the rows is determined according to the development and branching strength of the variety, the irrigation method and the way the hoeing works are done manually or mechanized. Irrigation The broad bean plant, which is planted in the fall season in regions with mild winters, is not irrigated in winter and spring seasons. Rainfall is generally sufficient for the plant. In regions with cold winters and where broad beans should be sown in spring, irrigation should be done regularly as the plant germinating from the seeds is hoeed and when the weather is hot and dry. Depending on the region, furrow or drip irrigation system is used as irrigation method. Excessive moisture, like excessive drought, also damages the plant. Hoeing The seeds sown in tempered soils prepared for broad bean production germinate and appear on the soil surface within 10-15 days. The first hoeing is done when the height of the plants on the soil surface is 8-10 cm. During this period, the throat of the plants is filled. Before germination, the second hoeing is done in order to fluff the soil and break the cream layer and to clean it from weeds.
Do not hoe during the germination period. If hoeing is done during this period, flowers fall off. As a result, yield decreases. Fertilization Broad bean, with the help of Rhizobium bacteria, binds the free nitrogen of the air in the nodules called nodosity in its roots and meets most of its nitrogen needs during the development period from these nodules. These bacteria are found in soils where broad beans were previously cultivated. Broad beans do not need high doses of nitrogen due to its ability to utilize the free nitrogen of the air. However, it may be necessary to apply some nitrogen fertilizer to the soil before planting in order to meet the nitrogen requirement until the bacterial activity starts, especially in poor soils. For this purpose, nitrogen fertilizer should be used by calculating 3 kg of pure nitrogen per decare, and ammonium sulphate should be preferred. Sufficient phosphorus; root development, increase in the number of nodosities and increase in weight has been determined. In arid and semi-arid regions, phosphorus application is a must. The need for phosphorus fertilizer should also be met by calculating 6 kg P205 per decare on pure matter. Fertilization should be done after general soil analysis.
